Whether or not you’ve suffered a serious injury or illness, if you have ever experienced shortness of breath, chest pain, or fatigue, you have probably heard of cardiovascular and pulmonary physical therapy. There are many similarities between the two since both focus on the same areas of the body, have similar treatments, and use similar equipment. However, there are also several differences that you should be aware of before choosing which type is best for you.

Cardiovascular Physical Thearapy

This form of treatment is focused on improving the function of the heart and blood vessels. It can be used to treat a wide variety of conditions, including chest pain, heart attack, stroke, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Cardiovascular PT may include exercises that increase your heart rate or improve your endurance. Common exercises during cardiovascular physical therapy include walking, biking, swimming, and using a treadmill.

Generally, cardiovascular physical therapy starts out with low-intensity exercises and gradually increases the intensity as you progress. If you have a heart condition, your therapist will work with you to create a safe exercise program that meets your specific needs.

Pulmonary Physical Therapy

Pulmonary PT is focused on improving the function of the lungs and breathing muscles. It can be used to treat a wide variety of conditions, including asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, and bronchitis. Pulmonary PT may include exercises that improve your lung capacity or help you breathe more easily. It will also include education on how to use your breathing muscles properly during activities.

Pulmonary physical therapy often starts with education about your condition and its treatment. Your therapist will then work with you to create an individualized exercise program that is tailored toward your current abilities, goals, and needs. Common exercises include coughing or moving air in and out of the lungs (called “breathing exercises”), walking, and using a stationary bike.

Key Differences

The main difference between cardiovascular and pulmonary physical therapy is the type of conditions they are used to treat. Cardiovascular PT is typically used to treat conditions that affect the heart or blood vessels, while pulmonary PT is typically used to treat conditions that affect the lungs or breathing muscles.

There are also some exercises that differ in each treatment regimen. Cardiovascular physical therapy involves mostly low-intensity exercises that are meant to improve endurance or heart rate. These often include walking, biking, swimming, and using a treadmill. Pulmonary physical therapy involves exercises like diaphragmatic breathing that are aimed at improving lung function and ease of breathing. These exercises are often done while sitting or standing, rather than walking or biking.

Similarities

There are many similarities between these two treatments because they both revolve around the same area of the body (the heart and lungs). They also have many of the same goals for treatment. While both have different focal points, the purpose of both is to gain overall mobility, improve function, and reduce pain.

Both cardiovascular and pulmonary physical therapy use equipment that is designed to help with the exercises. This includes treadmills, bikes, and pool noodles for swimming. They may both include electrical stimulation or compression sleeves as part of treatment as well.

In most cases, patients end up requiring a combination of treatments to achieve their goals. The treatment team will often recommend a variety of cardiovascular and pulmonary physical therapy treatments and exercises in order to get the best results for you!

 

Understanding karma is a complex subject. First, experts like Teal Swan explain what karma is and why it can affect your relationships. Then we’ll go over some practical steps you can take to reduce the influence of past life karma on your present-day relationships. Understanding how past life karmas affect you in this lifetime and what you can do about it is an important step in your spiritual growth.

Okay, but what exactly IS karma? Karma is not some cosmic boomerang that will slap you around for all eternity if you’re bad. Instead, it’s the law of cause and effect- which means that whatever you think or say or do comes back to you. Karma is the law of cause and effect applied to your thoughts, actions, and deeds. For example, every thought or word, or action that comes from a place of love will resonate with love, whereas a thought or a word or an action that’s rooted in fear will always come back to you being afraid.

When we feel hurt by someone who isn’t trying to hurt us, it can be better to think of that someone as a mirror showing us our pain. In this way, we understand that the other person isn’t causing us pain- they’re simply highlighting an issue within ourselves. We all have our wounds and triggers- and when we step on them, they hurt! There’s no judgment. There’s no blame. We don’t need to understand why we keep encountering the same things or think that “everyone needs to be more careful about how they treat me” because our wounds are not other people’s responsibility.

Your wound is YOUR responsibility- and you have a choice in how you want to heal it: you can either project it onto someone else and blame them, or you can own your feelings and put your energy into getting over it.

It’s generally not helpful to expect people to treat us perfectly. Expecting this from our lovers will only sabotage the relationship- because nobody is perfect! We all have things about ourselves that we need to work on. And let’s think of our partners as being responsible for “fixing” those parts of us. We’re bound to be continually disappointed in them for failing at a task that’s ultimately impossible for anyone but ourselves to do.

Don’t wait until the right conditions appear before putting yourself out there- start putting yourself out there now, even if you see nothing but obstacles. Then, as you continue to put yourself out there, the pieces of the puzzle will fall into place, and all those blocks that seem like they’re preventing something wonderful from happening in your life right now- they’ll start shifting away.

What is the function of karma?

The law of karma (the law of cause and effect) is not made up by some ancient civilizations. Karma is an observable fact in nature, like gravity or electricity, or magnetism. This is because everything IS energy- everything. If you want to be successful with relationships, you need to understand what people are (physical form), how they behave (their personalities), and why they do the things they do (what’s behind their thoughts).

Once you understand this, the question becomes, “how can I have healthy relationships with these life forms?”. The answer to that question begins with introspection. Past lives are impacting your present-day relationships now- so you must recognize that this is a normal part of the human experience. As you begin to let go of certain attachments and fears, your relationships will improve in ways you haven’t yet even imagined.

 

Dr. Joon Faii Ong is a medical researcher and doctor who specializes in the treatment of Essential Tremors. In this article, Dr. Ong discusses the root causes of Essential Tremors and how you can effectively manage them for a higher quality of life.

What are Essential Tremors?

Essential Tremors are defined as tremors that cannot be controlled by medication. Such tremors are often seen in the upper limbs, neck, and face. An upper limb tremor is typically rhythmic, with a frequency somewhere between four to ten hertz (cycles per second). The severity of this tremor can vary from mild to severe.

Essential Tremors are sometimes accompanied by other symptoms such as headache, insomnia, constipation, and fatigue. These symptoms will vary from person to person, depending on the causes of their disease. Essential Tremor is most commonly seen in patients above 60 years old, but it has also been reported in patients as young as ten years old with no age limit in between.

What Causes Essential Tremors?

There are five types of Essential Tremor: familial, post-traumatic, drug-induced, metabolic, and essential tremor (idiopathic). The exact cause for essential tremor is still unknown, but it has been suggested that impaired neurotransmission in the cerebellum may be involved. A review published in the journal Nature revealed that patients with essential tremors had lower GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) receptor gene expression in the cerebellum.

Drugs That Cause Essential Tremors

Certain medications have been found to induce tremors as a side effect resulting from their pharmacological actions. For example, caffeine, nicotine, and certain anti-hypertensive drugs have triggered tremors due to their dopaminergic effects. On the other hand, Beta-blockers can induce tremors by suppressing catecholamine production, an essential neurotransmitter in the body.

What are Dopaminergic Drugs

Dopaminergic drugs are medications that modulate the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine is one of the chemicals in the brain and nerves that make people feel happier and more active. However, there is a shortage of dopamine among Parkinson’s Disease patients, resulting in muscle rigidity and tremors.

What Can be Done to Treat Essential Tremors

There are currently four major treatment options for Essential Tremor: medications, Deep Brain Stimulation, Botox Injections, and Surgery. Medications can be administered to suppress tremors, but they have side effects of their own that may just worsen the condition in the long run. Deep brain stimulation has proven effective for treating Parkinson’s disease and dystonia, but the FDA has not approved it for use in Essential Tremor patients.

Botox Injections can be used to treat certain types of tremors; however, Botox injections are only effective for about six months at a time. Surgical options like thalamotomy or pallidotomy involve using an electrode to destroy a part of the thalamus, resulting in permanent numbness, slurred speech, and weakness on one side of the body.

What is the Prognosis for Someone with Essential Tremors?

Unfortunately, there is currently no effective cure for Essential Tremor, and the disease will progress as time passes. While medication can reduce tremors, they still do not slow down the progression of the disease. Fortunately, medical researchers are working hard to find more efficient ways to treat this condition, such as gene therapy and stem cell transplantation.

Even the best components wear out over time, and if your engine won’t turn over you could be looking at a starter problem. It happens, especially if your car is older than six years. That’s because starters last for thousands of starts, but they will fail at some point. Signs of a failing starter vary, but they include clicking noises when you turn the key or the lights turn on but not the motor.

When you need a new starter for 2013 Honda Accord models, you can use the online tool to match the part for your make and model of engine. This will give you a list of starters designed to power your car and engage the engine. For this component, you need a precise fit. The best replacement starters come from trusted manufacturers such as Bosch, Duralast, Duralast Gold and Valuecraft.

How To Replace a Starter for a Honda Accord?

You can have your mechanic install your replacement starter, but this will cost you more than a hundred dollars for labor and possibly much more. If you have the skills, replacing a starter on your own is possible. You will need several tools, including the right size sockets, a wrench, pliers and a flathead screwdriver. If you haven’t done the job before, get help from online tutorials and follow these steps:

• Disconnect battery
• Remove air intake
• Remove old starter
• Install new starter
• Replace all hoses and wires
• Start the car

The process involves the removal of many wires and hoses. To help you remember where everything goes, you can take a photo of the engine at different stages of the process.

The car starter cost for the component will run between $80 to $350, depending upon the product you choose. With your purchase, you can expect a warranty that ranges from one year to a limited lifetime warranty. Deals and discounts can reduce your price even more. A starter is a complex piece of equipment and is made up of a solenoid, magnetic parts, brushes, bearings and bushings and other elements.

Honda Accord Starters

When you are convinced it is time for a replacement starter for car, it is time to shop for the best part for your Accord. Replacement starters come as either completely new or remanufactured. You can choose from several starters that will fit your make and model:

• Duralast Gold Starter DLG19511 for $335 (all new)
• Valuecraft Starter 19511VC for $280 (remanufactured)
• Bosch Starter SR1357X for $335 (remanufactured)
• Duralast Starter 19016 for $189 (premium remanufactured)
• Duralast Starter 19153 for $220 (premium remanufactured)
• Bosch Starter SR1356X for $245 (remanufactured)

A working car starter is essential if you want your car to start. A timely replacement prevents you from getting stranded in places close to home and far away. To avoid time and trouble and the cost of towing, get a quality starter to keep your vehicle running.

Get the best products for your vehicle at the right price. Shop for quality parts that save you money and worries.

 

Horse racing is a highly popular worldwide sport, so there’s always something to watch. In the same way, because there is so much going on, keeping track of everything if your hands aren’t constantly in the know might be difficult.

Because of this, some of the greatest horse racers in the world may go unnoticed if you aren’t vigilant. These tracks, in particular, are among the most underrated in the world because they provide excellent racing action but don’t attract as much attention as other sites. Be sure to keep an eye out for them when planning out your next race event or betting online. To get you started you can visit Timeform free bets page for sign up bonuses and exclusive offers on the top races. Now, let’s get into the first event.

Gulfstream Park – United States

What do you get when you combine exceptional weather, stunning vistas, and high-quality horse racing? According to legend, the answer is Gulfstream Park’s perennially underappreciated track. Gulfstream Park is located in Hallandale, Florida, and is bordered by palm trees. Depending on which direction you’re facing, the Atlantic Ocean may be seen off in the distance.

Horse racing in the United States is divided into several tracks throughout the year. Churchill Downs, Pimlico, and Belmont Park are among them. Because to their high-profile events, such as the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, those three Triple Crown sites tend to get a lot of attention throughout the year.

The Gulfstream Park Pacing Derby is one of the most lucrative races in horse racing, with a purse of more than $2 million. The Pegasus World Cup is named for the mythical winged horse, which has been credited with the ability to fly over land and sea.

Randwick – Australia

Australia’s passion for horse racing is frequently overshadowed by other nations’ events. However, Sydney’s muted track of Randwick lurks in Australia’s racing schedule. Another hidden treasure of the pastime may be found when the Sydney Spring Carnival travels to one of the world’s best-regarded cities.

Melbourne is generally what people think of first when the subject of Australian horse racing comes up, and for good reason: the Melbourne Cup is one of the country’s most famous events.

Other cities have either similar or greater offers, so to speak. Additionally, Sydney and Randwick both have a number of aces up their sleeves. The Everest turf race is the world’s most lucrative turf race, with over $13 million in prizes available.

Goodwood Racecourse – England

England is home to some of the world’s most competitive horse racing. Between the Cheltenham Festival and Grand National, there are several memorable steeple chase events to keep track of, as well as Royal Ascot in the picture.

However, the high level of competition that occurs at Goodwood throughout the year should not be overlooked. The Goodwood meeting, which is held each year in July, has a wide range of events. G1 races include the Sussex Stakes, Goodwood Cup, and Nassau Stakes among others.

This isn’t as big a G1 event as Cheltenham or Aintree, but there are enough high-level races here to keep a racing fan occupied without requiring one of the biggest weeks in English racing.

These three tracks don’t receive the same amount of attention as the world’s most famous race courses. However, there are several factors that make each one unique, and this may frequently add to the excitement of attending a day at the races rather than one of the more traditional sites in the sport.

Do you have any questions about this article? Click here to contact us today.

The human body naturally produces vitamin D when it is exposed to sunlight. It is most commonly known for contributing to the function of the immune system (EFSA, 2010). If you wish to know more about vitamin D or want to ensure you are getting enough into your daily life, this guide will reveal all. Read on to discover absolutely everything worth knowing about vitamin D.

How does the body produce Vitamin D?

Vitamin D is a nutrient derived from food sources, but it’s also a hormone that the body produces. When released into the body, it helps the healthy absorption and retention of calcium, which is essential for building bone strength.

Besides aiding with proper bone and muscle mass, Vitamin D has shown great importance in supporting the function of the immune system.

So, how does the body produce this fat-soluble vitamin? Through the body first. The human body has Vitamin D receptors, which ensures that the production of this vitamin is triggered through the food we eat, or the sunlight the skin absorbs.

However, here is the sad truth; not many foods contain Vitamin D. This doesn’t mean that there are no healthy food options that are naturally fortified with Vitamin D. However, relying solely on such foods may trigger efficiency if the body is not making the recommended amounts. That’s why Vitamin D tablets are highly essential.

Vitamin D tablets are usually available as Vitamin D2 which is ergocalciferol and Vitamin D3 also known as cholecalciferol. The former is a pre-vitamin D form produced in plants and fungi while D3 naturally forms in humans and animals. Both D2 and D3 are also naturally produced when the body is exposed to sunlight. To be specific, only ultraviolet-b (UVB) rays produce this essential vitamin.

Vitamin D production via skin absorption is one of the most natural ways the body stocks up on this sunshine vitamin. However, for people who live in colder climates, or places where sunshine is limited, insufficient levels of vitamin D are imminent. People who spend most of their time indoors are equally at risk of Vitamin D deficiencies.

To boost vitamin D production, it’s essential to eat foods like oily fish; salmon, sardines, herring, and mackerel. Eating red meat, eggs, vitamin D fortified cereal non-dairy milk, and fat spreads can also help boost the production of vitamin D in the body. However, the amount of vitamin D these foods can give is limited. When coupled with inadequate exposure to UVB rays, it’s very important that most people take a vitamin D supplement.

We find that most manufacturers of infant formulas, milk, cereals and fat spreads are mandated to include vitamin D by law.

How long should you stay in the sun?

Absorption of Vitamin D via UVB rays is one of the most natural ways the body benefits from this nutrient. Many people can develop Vitamin D when exposed to the sun every day for just a short period. When the arms, legs, and hands are uncovered without any topical protection (sunscreen) this allows easy absorption of Vitamin D.

The best time to benefit from healthy amounts of UVB rays is between 11 am to 3 pm in the daytime. Plus, the best months to bask in the sun are usually from April to September when the sun actually comes out more often. However, there’s a challenge to this theory, as scientists have not agreed on the adequate amount of time each person should safely stay under the sun. In other words, there’s no exact time limit that can be used to measure the adequate amounts of vitamin D the body receives.

The reason is simple, there are different factors that influence how vitamin D is produced. For one, your skin colour may be a major reason for vitamin D deficiencies. People with darker skin, especially those from Africa, Asia, Africa-Caribbean regions, tend to have lower blood levels of vitamin D. That is because the melanin pigment is like a shade; it protects the skin by preventing normal absorption of sunlight. This is an advantage when reducing the effects of damage due to exposure to sun rays.

However, this means that vitamin D production will equally be hindered because of this fact. So, someone who has more melanin will have to spend a longer period in the sun compared to a lighter person who has less melanin. Here’s the tricky part, staying under the sun for too long can cause sunburns or reddening.

So it’s best to cover up and go indoors after a while, especially if the sun becomes too hot. Plus, the dangerous effects of the sun vary from person to person. Cancer Research UK gives more insight into which category of people are more susceptible to sunburns and skin cancer. Just remember, the longer the skin is exposed to the sun, the more damage it’s likely to cause.

Plus, the damage doesn’t end right after you have found shade or gone indoors. There’s still the aftermath of that exposure even hours after you have left the sun. So, it’s better to step out with the right protective products. SPF sunscreen, long but light clothing, and wrap-around sunglasses are some of the things everyone should have all through the day.

Is it possible to take too much vitamin D?

Vitamin D is one major supplement/nutrient that is recommended for everyone, regardless of age. However, what’s more important is taking the right dose. Vitamin D supplements that contain up to 10 micrograms should be adequate for most people. Taking more than this recommended amount could be dangerous to the body. Just like any food or drug, taking adequate amounts is the best way to reap the benefits of this vitamin.

The same dosage applies to pregnant women, nursing mothers, children from 11-17, and the elderly.

Children from one to ten should not be given more than 50 micrograms per day while babies should have not more than 25 micrograms. It’s equally important to check with your doctor before taking a vitamin D supplement. People with certain medical conditions may be advised to take lower amounts of this supplement to avoid any adverse effects.

How is the dosage measured?

The quantity of vitamin D in supplements may be expressed differently. A brand may choose to express the measurements in international units (IU). In this case, 40 international units are equal to 1 microgram of vitamin D.

Who should take vitamin D?

People of different ages need vitamin D to lead a healthy and strong life. However, various people require different amounts. Taking too much or too little can cause adverse health conditions.

First of all, children who are below 6 months should not be placed in open environments in exposure to direct sunlight. Their skin is still too delicate. When the sun starts shining more from March to October, it’s advisable that all children wear comfortable yet suitable clothing. This involves wearing wrap-around glasses, hats, and clothing that protects the skin from burns.

It’s also important to encourage such kids to stay under the shade, especially around noon and just before it gets dark. Infants and children should take vitamin D supplements whether they play out in the sun or not.

Infants that are up to a year old that don’t take up to 550ml of formula should be given a vitamin D supplement.

Kids that are aged 1-4 years old should also take a high-quality supplement for healthy growth of the bones. And lastly, people who don’t get enough sunlight due to weather conditions or the nature of their work need to supplement with vitamin D tablets. This also includes people who are being hospitalized for long periods, housebound, institutionalized, or those that constantly wear protective clothes that cover almost the entire body when outside.

Regardless of these categories, everyone over the age of 5 should take a daily supplement that contains up to 10 micrograms of this vital vitamin. Even pregnant women and nursing mothers are encouraged to take supplements containing vitamin D as this benefits both mother and child. You can choose to order vitamin D from a reliable brand or get vitamin drops (for infants) from a trusted pharmacy/store.

It’s also important to remember that using sunbeds as a way to absorb or produce vitamin D is not safe or recommendable.

Winter sunlight

In countries where there’s not much sunlight in the winter, the skin may not be able to produce enough vitamin D. This is because winter sunlight does not have adequate UVB for absorption. From October when the weather starts getting extra chilly to March when the rain ushers spring in, it’s best to supplement. It’s crucial to eat vitamin D-rich or fortified foods to ensure you are getting adequate meals daily.

There you have it – everything worth knowing about the powerful vitamin D. We hope you found this guide helpful and now have everything you need to safeguard your intake!

 

What Is Acrylic and What Does It Do?

Acrylic is a transparent thermoplastic homopolymer known as “plexiglass” by the trade name. It is a polycarbonate-like material that may be used as an impact-resistant alternative to glass (particularly when the high impact strength of PC isn’t required). It was first produced in 1928 and debuted on the market five years later. It is regarded as one of the most transparent plastics available. In the Second World War, acrylic was used for submarine periscopes as well as aeroplane windows, turrets, and canopies. Airmen who were wounded by broken acrylic shards fared considerably better than those who had injuries from shattered glass.

Acrylic is nowadays utilised in a wide range of applications, many of which take advantage of its natural transparency and the impact resistance provided by various types. Acrylic nails, paint, security barriers, medical devices, LCD displays, and furniture are just a few examples of its many applications. It’s also commonly utilized for windows, tanks, and enclosures surrounding exhibits due to its clarity.

Why is acrylic utilised so often?

Acrylic is a wonderful material for applications that need transparency and resistance to high impact. Comparing clear plastics, Acrylic is much more scratch-resistant. It’s a less heavy and more durable option than glass, as well as a cost-effective alternative to polycarbonate in situations where strength isn’t particularly important. The material vaporizes when hit with concentrated laser energy, making it possible to cut into extremely tiny forms using laser cutting technology. Acrylic is a popular choice for 3D printing because of its brittle failure and poor strength. Instead, we generally utilize PC or PETG. Despite the fact that PC and PETG aren’t as transparent as Acrylic, they are typically “clear enough.” Acrylic is the clear choice if crystal clarity is critical. We’ve machined acrylic on the CNC and hand-formed it as well. The components must generally be polished after machining to remove tool impressions and restore optical clarity. A few examples include the following:

• as a lens
• as a general replacement for glass
• display products
• fashion accessories

What Are The Different Types of Acrylic?

Acrylic plastic, the material of choice for many aquariums, was first produced in 1843 by adding formaldehyde to a solution of polyethene. In 1933, German chemist Otto Rohm applied for the trade name “plexiglass,” which he had created. It’s produced by a large number of businesses, each with its own manufacturing process and proprietary recipe. Trade names include well-known variations like Perspex, Plexiglas® by ELF Atochem or Lucite® by DuPont.

How is Acrylic made?

Acrylic plastic polymers are produced by combining a monomer, such as methyl methacrylate, with a catalyst. An organic peroxide is a typical catalyst. The catalyst starts the reaction and participates in it to keep it going, but does not become part of the final polymer.

Acrylic plastic sheets are manufactured by bulk polymerization. The monomer and catalyst are mixed in a mould where the reaction occurs, after which the mixture is poured into the mould. Bulk polymerization may be done in two ways: batch cell or continuous operation. The most popular type is the batch cell, which can make acrylic sheets in thicknesses ranging from 0.06 to 6 inches (0.16-15 cm) and widths ranging from 3 feet up to several hundred feet. Rods and tubes may also be manufactured using this technique. The continuous technique is more efficient and less time-consuming. It’s used to make thinner sheets of a lesser width and thickness than those made with the batch cell method.

No matter where you are in the world now you will see football. It truly is a worldwide game and has reached every country in the world. It’s accessible and inclusive. Millions play the game every year and even more watch but where did it all begin? We are going to find out who invented football and look into a brief history of the game.

Roots

It’s hard to know exactly where the game originally came from at its very basic level but many historians point towards China as the first real players of ‘football’. There are reports from as early as the Han Dynasty playing a game called Tsu’ Chu in the third century BC. This game involved kicking a leather ball made out of feathers into a goal area.

Development of football

The modern game of football would start to be played in England throughout the 13th and 14th century. During this time people would be in the street kicking balls about into goals. So much so the Kings outlawed the game they were playing as it was causing chaos and these men should be instead turning their focus towards being a soldier.

Time would pass and the game became outlawed but people still played. The games would be a set of localised games that worked on a village by village basis and different rules were played from village to village. As the playing continued, the rules developed with the Cambridge rules coming into place in 1848 before the Sheffield rules in 1858 laid the groundwork for the FA.

Establishment of rules and FA

The governing body of football and the first time the game would be organised into the game as we know it was in 1863 when the English Football Association was created. The creation of this body organised the game into one set of rules and laws. By combining the rules into one handbook the game could become structured and more professional. The ball would become standardised, minutes in a game decided upon whilst the number of players and specific rules over fouls and cards were established.

Development as an actual game

Following this establishment of rules the game would only continue to grow in popularity throughout the globe. It started with the first international fixture between Scotland and England in 1870, the creation of the FA cup in 1872 and football started getting played in schools. The FIFA governing body would start with 7 main countries in 1904 before quickly expanding and having around 73 members after WWII.

The Modern Game

The popularity of football has exponentially continued to grow throughout the decades. The second half of the 20th century saw the game explode with fans, matches and teams. Club football has hundreds of thousands of teams and there are now 208 teams in the FIFA rankings. The rules have changed with the times and the game to incorporate goal line technology and VAR now too.

It is not just on the pitch the game has changed. The game now utilises huge backing from bookies which allow money and wealth to reach the teams and create even better footballing moments. Nowadays you can bet on anything from match results to both teams to score bets. Not only this but there is countless merchandise and fans have finally – following covid – been allowed back into the stadiums in their thousands.